Never, you can already do this with RAII, and naturally it would be yet another thing to complain about C++ adding features.

Then again, if someone is willing to push it through WG21 no matter what, maybe.

Various macro tricks have existed for a long time but nobody has been able to wrap the return statement yet. The lack of RAII-style automatic cleanups was one of the root causes for the legendary goto fail;[1] bug.

[1] https://gotofail.com/

In many cases that's preferred as you want the ability to cancel the deferred lambda.

Probably closer to defer in Zig than in Go, I would imagine. Defer in Go executes when the function deferred within returns; defer in Zig executes when the scope deferred within exits.

Both defer and RAII have proven to be useful, but RAII has also proven to be quite harmful in cases, in the limit introducing a lot of hidden control flow.

I think that defer is actually limited in ways that are good - I don't see it introducing surprising control flow in the same way.

I'd say a lot of users are going to borrow patterns from Go, where you'd typically check the error first.

    resource, err := newResource()
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer resource.Close()

IMO this pattern makes more sense, as calling exit behavior in most cases won't make sense unless you have acquired the resource in the first place.

free may accept a NULL pointer, but it also doesn't need to be called with one either.

It seems less pedantic and more unnecessarily dangerous due to its non uniformity: in the general case the resource won’t exist on error, and breaking the pattern for malloc adds inconsistency without any actual value gain.

I feel like C people, out of anyone, should respect the code gen wins of defer. Why would you rely on runtime conditional branches for everything you want cleaned up, when you can statically determine what cleanup functions need to be called?

In any case, the biggest advantage IMO is that resource acquisition and cleanup are next to each other. My brain understands the code better when I see "this is how the resource is acquired, this is how the resource will be freed later" next to each other, than when it sees "this is how this resource is acquired" on its own or "this is how the resource is freed" on its own. When writing, I can write the acquisition and the free at the same time in the same place, making me very unlikely to forget to free something.

It allows you to put the deferred logic near the allocation/use site which I noticed was helpful in Go as it becomes muscle memory to do cleanup as you write some new allocation and it is hinted by autocomplete these days.

But it adds a new dimension of control flow, which in a garbage collected language like Go is less worrisome whereas in C this can create new headaches in doing things in the right order. I don't think it will eliminate goto error handling for complex cases.

The advantage is that it automatically adds the cleanup code to all exit paths, so you can not forget it for some. Whether this is really that helpful is unclear to me. When we looked at defer originally for C, Robert Seacord hat a list of examples and how the looked before and after rewriting with defer. At that point I lost interest in this feature, because the new code wasn't generally better in my opinion.

But people know it from other languages, and seem to like it, so I guess it is good to have it also in C.

Confer the recent bug related to goto-error handling in OpenSSH where the "additional" error return value wasn’t caught and allowed a security bypass accepting a failed key.

Cleanup is good. Jumping around with "goto" confused most people in practice. It seems highly likely that most programmers model "defer" differently in their minds.

EDIT:

IIRC it was CVE-2025-26465. Read the code and the patch.

1. Goto pattern is very error-prone. It works until it doesn't and you have a memory leak. The way I solved this issue in my code was a macro that takes a function and creates an object that has said function in its destructor.

2. Defer is mostly useful for C++ code that needs to interact with C API because these two are fundamentally different. C API usually exposes functions "create_something" and "destroy_something", while the C++ pattern is to have an object that has "create_something" hidden inside its constructor, and "destroy_something" inside its destructor.

It's one of the most commonly adopted feature among C successor languages (D, Zig, Odin, C3, Hare, Jai); given how opinionated some of them are on these topics, I think it's safe to say it's generally well regarded in PL communities.

No. They need to understand memory failures. Teach them what it looks like when it's wrong. Then show them the tools to make things right. They'll never fully understand those tools if they don't understand the necessity of doing the right thing.

My suggestion is no - first have them do it the hard way. This will help them build the skills to do manual memory management where defer is not available.

Once they do learn about defer they will come to appreciate it much more.

No, but also skip malloc/free until late in the year, and when it comes to heap allocation then don't use example code which allocates and frees single structs, instead introduce concepts like arena allocators to bundle many items with the same max lifetime, pool allocators with generation-counted slots and other memory managements strategies.

It's still only in a TS, not in ISO C, if that matters.

If you're teaching them to write an assembler, then it may be worth teaching them C, as a fairly basic language with a straightforward/naive mapping to assembly. But for basically any other context in which you'd be teaching first-year CS students a language, C is not an ideal language to learn as a beginner. Teaching C to first-year CS students just for the heck of it is like teaching medieval alchemy to first-year chemistry students.

In university? No, absolutely not straight away.

The point of a CS degree is to know the fundamentals of computing, not the latest best practices in programming that abstract the fundamentals.

IMHO, it is in the best interest of your students to teach them standard C first.

C++ destructors are implicit, while defer is explicit.

You can just look at the code in front of you to see what defer is doing. With destructors, you need to know what type you have (not always easy to tell), then find its destructor, and all the destructors of its parent classes, to work out what's going to happen.

Sure, if the situation arises frequently, it's nice to be able to design a type that "just works" in C++. But if you need to clean up reliably in just this one place, C++ destructors are a very clunky solution.

Desctructors are only comparable when you build an OnScopeExit class which calls a user-provided lambda in its destructor which then does the cleanup work - so it's more like a workaround to build a defer feature using C++ features.

The classical case of 'one destructor per class' would require to design the entire code base around classes which comes with plenty of downsides.

> Anyone who writes C should consider using C++ instead

Nah thanks, been there, done that. Switching back to C from C++ about 9 years ago was one of my better decisions in life ;)

I think destructors are different, not better. A destructor can’t automatically handle the case where something doesn’t need to be cleaned up on an early return until something else occurs. Also, destructors are a lot of boilerplate for a one-off cleanup.

i write C++ every day (i actually like it...) but absolutely no one is going to switch from C to C++ just for dtors.

For the cases where a destructor isn’t readily available, you can write a defer class that runs a lambda passed to its constructor in its destructor, can’t you?

Would be a bit clunky, but that can (¿somewhat?) be hidden in a macro, if desired.

I would say the complexity of implementing defer yourself is a bit annoying for C. However defer itself, as a language feature in a C standard is pretty reasonable. It’s a very straightforward concept and fits well within the scope of C, just as it fit within the scope of zig. As long as it’s the zig defer, not the golang one…

I would not introduce zig’s errdeferr though. That one would need additional semantics changes in C to express errors.

I think a lot of the really old school people don't care, but a lot of the younger people (especially those disillusioned with C++ and not fully enamored with Rust) are in fact quite happy for C to evolve and improve in conservative, simple ways (such as this one).

> still stay with C89

You're missing out on one of the best-integrated and useful features that have been added to a language as an afterthought (C99 designated initialization). Even many moden languages (e.g. Rust, Zig, C++20) don't get close when it comes to data initialization.

> I still stay with C89 because I know it will be portable anywhere

With respect, that sounds a bit nuts. It's been 37 years since C89; unless you're targeting computers that still have floppy drives, why give up on so many convenience features? Binary prefixes (0b), #embed, defined-width integer types, more flexibility with placing labels, static_assert for compile-time sanity checks, inline functions, declarations wherever you want, complex number support, designated initializers, countless other things that make code easier to write and to read.

Defer falls in roughly the same category. It doesn't add a whole lot of complexity, it's just a small convenience feature that doesn't add any runtime overhead.

Not necessarily. In classic C we often build complex state machines to handle errors - especially when there are many things that need to be initialized (malloced) one after another and each might fail. Think the infamous "goto error".

I think defer{} can simplify these flows sometimes, so it can indeed be useful for good old style C.

Isn’t goto cleanup label good enough anyway?

Goto approach also covers some more complicated cases

That ship has sailed. Lots of open source C projects already use attribute((cleanup)) (which is the same thing).

Then why not even better, K&R C with external assembler, that is top. /s